Lead-tainted teeth reveal medieval mines’ unequal toll

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  • RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT

Burials in the United Kingdom’s Peak District, one of Europe’s largest lead-production regions in centuries past, hint at social inequality.

Close-up of galena mineral, showing reflective silver-grey cubic crystals with sharp geometric faces and a metallic texture

Childhood exposure to lead ore (pictured) can leave a record in tooth enamel. Credit: Frank Fox/Science Photo Library

Traces of lead preserved in human teeth for hundreds of years have provided a snapshot of social inequalities in medieval Europe1.

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doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-026-03236-3

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